Influence of COVID-19 on the notification of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis cases.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of diagnosis and monitoring of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in the state of Paraná, Brazil, from 2015 to 2020. METHODS: Ecological study with quantitative approach. This study was based on diagnosed cases of pulmonary TB reported in the Notifiable Disease Information System in residents of Paraná; as well as through the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the state epidemiological bulletin for the year 2020. The study data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: It was found that, although the number of reported pulmonary TB cases (drug-resistant and general) increased between 2015 and 2019, there was a drop in notification in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The notification of TB cases was also influenced monthly during the year according to the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. For cases of drug-resistant pulmonary TB, the provision of diagnostic tests and Directly Observed Treatment decreased by more than half in 2020, especially when compared to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: In view of these findings, the influence of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and monitoring of drug-resistant and general pulmonary TB cases is evident, showing that the pandemic has compromised the advances of recent decades in achieving the goals established for its eradication by 2035.

Determinants of coinfection tuberculosis and HIV in prisons in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Prisons context has the potential for the spread of infectious diseases, like HIV and tuberculosis, which prevalence is higher in the people deprived of liberty compared to the general population. OBJECTIVE: to analyze which are the determinants of coinfection tuberculosis and HIV in prisons. METHODOLOGY: Case-control study conducted in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. New cases of tuberculosis in the population deprived of liberty in the period between 2015 and 2017 were considered. Data were obtained through the notification and monitoring system for tuberculosis cases in the state of São Paulo and included sociodemographic and clinical variables and diagnosis and treatment information. The data were analyzed through frequency distribution and bivariate analysis, testing the association of the dependent variable (tuberculosis/HIV coinfection vs. tuberculosis/HIV non-coinfection) with independent variables (sociodemographic, clinical and diagnostics variables) by calculating the odds ratio and p-value. RESULTS: Among the determinants of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection in prisons, we identified: age between 26-35, 36-55 and 56-84 years, notification in hospitals, negative sputum smear microscopy and culture, X-ray suggestive of another pathology, extrapulmonary and mixed clinical form, and alcoholism. A high percentage of death was also identified among coinfected people. CONCLUSIONS: identifying the determinants of the tuberculosis/HIV coinfected individual can assist in the development and implementation of guidelines aimed at controlling both infections in the prison environment.

Regional coordinators of Sao Paulo State prisons in tuberculosis and HIV coinfection care.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the care provided to individuals with Tuberculosis (TB)-HIV coinfection in prison units in the state of São Paulo, according to the regional coordination of prisons. METHODS: cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2018. A structured questionnaire was applied to 112 directors or health professionals from 168 prison units. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution and multiple correspondence analysis. RESULTS: 92.9% of participants reported active search for respiratory symptoms, 89.3% offer the directly observed treatment (DOT) for all TB cases, 95.5% anti-HIV testing for all inmates, 92.9% offer HIV follow-up in specialized care services and 59.8% antiretroviral drugs for cases of coinfection. An association was identified between the Northwest and Central regional coordinations and deficient human resources and low performance of actions for the diagnosis and follow-up of cases. CONCLUSIONS: although most prison units perform planned actions for the care of coinfected persons, some places need support to guarantee access to these actions.

Factors associated to chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the factors associated to chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV). METHOD: a paired case-control study (4 controls for each case) carried out in a specialized care service in the Southeastern of Brazil, by analyzing PLHIV medical records. The sample consisted of 85 participants, corresponding to 17 cases and 68 controls. Pearson's chi-square test (Χ2) and Fisher's exact test, logistic regression, Odds Ratio (OR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p<0.05 were used. SPSS version 25.0 and R Core Team, 2018 version 3.5.1 were used. RESULTS: the factors associated with chronic kidney disease identified in this study were the following: presence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension [OR=5.8, CI (95%)=1.84-18.42, p=0.001] and use of nephrotoxic anti-retrovirals in the previous therapeutic regimen [OR=3.3, CI (95%)=1.105-10.221, p=0.028]. On the other hand, age below 40 years old [OR: 0.122, CI (95%)=0.015-0.981, p=0.022] was identified as a protective factor. CONCLUSION: the PLHIV under study have multi-factorial exposure associated with chronic kidney disease. However, knowing these factors helps to identify the existing risks and/or renal dysfunction, in addition to supporting the clinical decision of the health professionals who directly assist them.

Development of CART model for prediction of tuberculosis treatment loss to follow up in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of infectious disease-related death, surpassing even the immunodeficiency virus. Treatment loss to follow up and irregular medication use contribute to persistent morbidity and mortality. This increases bacillus drug resistance and has a negative impact on disease control. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a computational model that predicts the loss to follow up treatment in tuberculosis patients, thereby increasing treatment adherence and cure, reducing efforts regarding treatment relapses and decreasing disease spread. METHODS: This is a case-controlled study. Included in the data set were 103,846 tuberculosis cases from the state of São Paulo. They were collected using the TBWEB, an information system used as a tuberculosis treatment monitor, containing samples from 2006 to 2016. This set was later resampled into 6 segments with a 1-1 ratio. This ratio was used to avoid any bias during the model construction. RESULTS: The Classification and Regression Trees were used as the prediction model. Training and test sets accounted for 70% in the former and 30% in the latter of the tuberculosis cases. The model displayed an accuracy of 0.76, F-measure of 0.77, sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.71. The model emphasizes the relationship between several variables that had been identified in previous studies as related to patient cure or loss to follow up treatment in tuberculosis patients. CONCLUSION: It was possible to construct a predictive model for loss to follow up treatment in tuberculosis patients using Classification and Regression Trees. Although the fact that the ideal predictive ability was not achieved, it seems reasonable to propose the use of Classification and Regression Trees models to predict likelihood of treatment follow up to support healthcare professionals in minimising the loss to follow up.

Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: main recommendations of the Brazilian guidelines.

Over the years, various recommendations have been made in pursuit of controlling resistance to antituberculosis drugs, especially multidrug resistance, in Brazil. Given the importance of standardizing those recommendations, the aim of this study was to describe the main recommendations of the Brazilian guidelines, primarily those related to the treatment and follow-up of cases of tuberculosis. From August through October of 2018, a document search was conducted via the websites of the Brazilian National Ministry of Health, the Brazilian National Tuberculosis Control Program, the JBP, and the Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Brazil. Data were collected systematically by using a protocol designed specifically for this study. Documents published between 2004 and 2018 were selected. It was possible to understand and trace the history of the measures for the control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Brazil from 2004, when the first documents related to the disease were published, up to 2018, when the second edition of the Brazilian National Guidelines for the Control of Tuberculosis was published. The contents of the documents were analyzed and grouped by case definition, diagnostic criteria, treatment, use of directly observed treatment; mechanisms of social protection for patients; data tools; and organization of care. This analysis allowed us to understand the efforts towards standardizing some measures in Brazil, not only identifying advances in the alignment with international prerogatives (case definition, incorporation of diagnostic technology, and treatment regimens) but also underscoring the need for greater clarity regarding the mechanisms of social protection and the organization of the care provided via the Brazilian health care system.

Experiências do adoecimento crônico transmissível: discursividades de pessoas vivendo com hiv / La experiencia de vivir con una enfermedad crónica transmisible: discursos de personas con vih / Experiences of chronic transmissible illness: discursivities of people living with hiv

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os sentidos discursivos produzidos por pessoas vivendo com HIV acerca da experiência do adoecimento crônico. Método: estudo qualitativo, ancorado no referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso de matriz francesa. A partir de roteiro semiestruturado, foram entrevistados 11 indivíduos assistidos no Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em doenças infectocontagiosas de um município do interior paulista. Considerou-se, ainda, a descrição dos perfis sociodemográfico, comportamental e clínico dos participantes, a partir de questionário fechado. Resultados: os perfis sociodemográfico e comportamental assemelharam-se aos dados epidemiológicos da infecção em âmbitos nacional e internacional. Quanto ao perfil clínico, chama atenção a predominância de indivíduos com carga viral detectável. O (re)conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico dos participantes possibilitou a apreensão e a compreensão das condições de produção em sentidos restrito e amplo que estão na base dos discursos. Os gestos interpretativos possibilitaram a elaboração de dois blocos discursivos: sentidos de incorporação e (re)produção do discurso biomédico; e da normalização à resistência: processos de experienciar o HIV em cronicidade. As análises discursivas indicaram a incorporação e a reprodução do discurso biomédico com sentidos edificados na patologia. Observou-se, ainda, a tentativa de alinhamento ao pensamento de normalização do HIV. Contudo, aspectos fragilizadores (preconceito, discriminação e estigma) estiveram na base dos discursos dos sujeitos. Conclusão: os resultados podem contribuir para a qualificação da assistência, especialmente na abordagem pela equipe multiprofissional, favorecendo espaços dialógicos sobre a experiência crônica com o HIV.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: analizar el significado de los discursos que producen las personas con VIH/ SIDA sobre la experiencia de vivir con una enfermedad crónica. MÉTODO: estudio cualitativo, en base al marco teórico-metodológico del Análisis del Discurso de matriz francesa. A partir de un guión semiestructurado, se entrevistó a 11 personas en el Servicio de Atención Especializada de Enfermedades Infecciosas de una ciudad del interior de São Paulo. También se consideró la descripción del perfil sociodemográfico, conductual y clínico de los participantes, en base a un cuestionario cerrado. RESULTADOS: el perfil sociodemográfico y conductual fue similar a los datos epidemiológicos de la infección a nivel nacional e internacional. En cuanto al perfil clínico, se destaca el predominio de individuos con carga viral detectable. El (re) conocimiento del perfil epidemiológico de los participantes permitió captar y comprender las condiciones de producción en un sentido amplio y restringido que yacen en la base de los discursos. Los gestos interpretativos permitieron elaborar dos bloques discursivos: significados de incorporación y (re) producción del discurso biomédico; y de la normalización a la resistencia: procesos de la experiencia con el VIH crónico. Los análisis discursivos indicaron la incorporación y reproducción del discurso biomédico con significados construidos sobre la patología. También hubo un intento de alinearse con la idea de normalizar el VIH. Sin embargo, la base de los discursos de los sujetos fueron los aspectos debilitantes de la enfermedad (prejuicios, discriminación y estigma). CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados pueden contribuir a la calificación de la asistencia, especialmente por parte del equipo multidisciplinario, favoreciendo espacios de diálogo sobre la experiencia crónica con el VIH.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the discursive meanings produced by people living with HIV about the experience of chronic illness. Method: qualitative study, anchored in the theoretical-methodological framework of discourse analysis of French matrix. Based on a semi-structured script, 11 individuals assisted in the Specialized Care Service for infectious diseases in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo state were interviewed. We also considered the description of the sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical profiles of the participants, based on a closed questionnaire. Results: sociodemographic and behavioral profiles were similar to epidemiological data of infection at national and international level. Regarding the clinical profile, the predominance of individuals with detectable viral load is detectable. The (re)knowledge of the epidemiological profile of the participants allowed the apprehension and understanding of the production conditions in restricted and broad senses that are the basis of the discourses. The interpretative gestures allowed the elaboration of two discursive blocks: meanings of incorporation and (re)production of biomedical discourse; and normalization to resistance: processes of experiencing HIV in chronicity. Discursive analyses indicated the incorporation and reproduction of biomedical discourse with meanings built in pathology. It was also observed the attempt to align with the thought of HIV normalization.However, weakening aspects (prejudice, discrimination and stigma) were the basis of the subjects' discourses. Conclusion: the results can contribute to the qualification of care, especially in the approach by the multidisciplinary team, favoring dialogical spaces about chronic experience with HIV.Keywords:Chronic Disease; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome;

Regional coordinators of Sao Paulo State prisons in tuberculosis and HIV coinfection care / Coordinadores regionales de prisiones paulistas en la atención a la coinfección tuberculosis y VIH / Coordenadorias regionais das unidades prisionais paulistas na atenção à coinfecção tuberculose e HIV

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the care provided to individuals with Tuberculosis (TB)-HIV coinfection in prison units in the state of São Paulo, according to the regional coordination of prisons. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2018. A structured questionnaire was applied to 112 directors or health professionals from 168 prison units. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution and multiple correspondence analysis. Results: 92.9% of participants reported active search for respiratory symptoms, 89.3% offer the directly observed treatment (DOT) for all TB cases, 95.5% anti-HIV testing for all inmates, 92.9% offer HIV follow-up in specialized care services and 59.8% antiretroviral drugs for cases of coinfection. An association was identified between the Northwest and Central regional coordinations and deficient human resources and low performance of actions for the diagnosis and follow-up of cases. Conclusions: although most prison units perform planned actions for the care of coinfected persons, some places need support to guarantee access to these actions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la atención brindada a las personas con coinfección Tuberculosis (TB)-VIH en unidades penitenciarias del estado de São Paulo, según la coordinación regional. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado entre 2016 y 2018. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado a 112 directores o profesionales de la salud de 168 unidades penitenciarias. Los datos se analizaron mediante distribución de frecuencias y análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Resultados: el 92,9% de los participantes refirió búsqueda activa de síntomas respiratorios, el 89,3% ofrece el tratamiento de observación directa (DOT) para todos los casos de TB, el 95,5% prueba anti-VIH para todos los internos, el 92,9% ofrece seguimiento del VIH en servicios de atención especializada y 59,8% de fármacos antirretrovirales para casos de coinfección. Se identificó asociación entre las agencias de coordinación Noroeste y Centro y el deficiente recurso humano y el bajo desempeño de las acciones de diagnóstico y seguimiento de casos. Conclusiones: si bien la mayoría de las unidades penitenciarias realizan acciones planificadas para la atención de personas coinfectadas, algunos lugares necesitan apoyo para garantizar el acceso a estas acciones.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a assistência prestada aos indivíduos com coinfecção Tuberculose-HIV em unidades prisionais do estado de São Paulo, segundo Coordenadoria Regional. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado entre 2016 e 2018. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado a 112 diretores ou profissionais de saúde de 168 unidades prisionais. Os dados foram analisados por distribuição de frequência e análise de correspondência múltipla. Resultados: 92,9% dos participantes referiram busca ativa de sintomáticos respiratórios, 89,3% oferta de tratamento diretamente observado para todos os casos de tuberculose, 95,5% teste anti-HIV para todos os detentos, 92,9% acompanhamento do HIV em serviços especializados e 59,8% antirretrovirais para os casos de coinfecção. Identificou-se associação entre as Coordenadorias Noroeste e Central e deficiência de recursos humanos e baixa realização de ações para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento dos casos. Conclusões: Apesar da realização das ações previstas para o cuidado aos coinfectados na maioria das unidades, alguns locais necessitam apoio para garantir o acesso a estas ações.

Factors associated to chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV/AIDS / Fatores associados à doença renal crônica em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS* / Factores asociados a la enfermedad renal crónica en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA*

Objective: to analyze the factors associated to chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Method: a paired case-control study (4 controls for each case) carried out in a specialized care service in the Southeastern of Brazil, by analyzing PLHIV medical records. The sample consisted of 85 participants, corresponding to 17 cases and 68 controls. Pearson's chi-square test (Χ2) and Fisher's exact test, logistic regression, Odds Ratio (OR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p<0.05 were used. SPSS version 25.0 and R Core Team, 2018 version 3.5.1 were used. Results: the factors associated with chronic kidney disease identified in this study were the following: presence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension [OR=5.8, CI (95%)=1.84-18.42, p=0.001] and use of nephrotoxic anti-retrovirals in the previous therapeutic regimen [OR=3.3, CI (95%)=1.105-10.221, p=0.028]. On the other hand, age below 40 years old [OR: 0.122, CI (95%)=0.015-0.981, p=0.022] was identified as a protective factor. Conclusion: the PLHIV under study have multi-factorial exposure associated with chronic kidney disease. However, knowing these factors helps to identify the existing risks and/or renal dysfunction, in addition to supporting the clinical decision of the health professionals who directly assist them.

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à doença renal crônica em pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV). Método: estudo do tipo caso-controle pareado (4 controles para cada caso), realizado em um serviço de atendimento especializado no sudeste do Brasil, por meio de análise de prontuários de PVHIV. A amostra foi de 85 participantes, correspondendo a 17 casos e 68 controles. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado de Pearson (Χ2) e teste exato de Fisher, regressão logística, Odds Ratio (OR), Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95% e p<0,05. Utilizou-se os programas SPSS versão 25.0 e R Core Team, 2018 versão 3.5.1. Resultados: os fatores associados à doença renal crônica identificados neste estudo foram: a presença de Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica [OR=5,8, IC (95%)=1,84-18,42, p=0,001] e o uso dos antirretrovirais nefrotóxicos em esquema terapêutico anterior [OR=3,3, IC (95%)=1,105-10,221, p=0,028]. Por outro lado, a idade menor de 40 anos [OR: 0,122, IC (95%)= 0,015-0,981, p=0,022] foi identificada como um fator de proteção. Conclusão: as PVHIV estudadas possuem exposição multifatorial associadas à doença renal crônica. Entretanto, conhecer esses fatores auxilia na identificação dos riscos e/ou disfunção renal existentes, além de dar suporte na decisão clínica dos profissionais da saúde que os assistem diretamente.

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la enfermedad renal crónica en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVIH). Método: estudio del tipo caso-control emparejado (4 controles para cada caso), realizado en un servicio de atención especializado en el sudeste de Brasil por medio del análisis de registros médicos de PVVIH. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 85 participantes, correspondiendo a 17 casos y 68 controles. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado de Pearson (Χ2) y la prueba exacta de Fisher, regresión logística, OddsRatio (OR), Intervalo de Confianza (IC) del 95%, y p<0,05. Se utilizaron los programas SPSS versión 25.0 y R Core Team, 2018 versión 3.5.1. Resultados: los factores asociados a la enfermedad renal crónica identificados en este estudio fueron los siguientes: presencia de Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica [OR=5,8, IC (95%)=1,84-18,42, p=0,001] y uso de antirretrovirales nefrotóxicos en esquema terapéutico anterior [OR=3,3, IC (95%)=1,105-10,221, p=0,028]. Por otra parte, la edad menor que 40 años [OR: 0,122, IC (95%)=0,015-0,981, p=0,022] se identificó como un factor de protección. Conclusión: las PVVIH estudiadas presentan exposición multifactorial asociada a la enfermedad renal crónica. Sin embargo, conocer estos factores ayuda a identificar los riesgos y/o la disfunción renal existentes, además de servir como soporte para la decisión clínica de los profesionales de la salud que atienden directamente a estas personas.

Perfil de termorregulaçâo e desfecho clínico em pacientes críticos com sepse / Thermoregulation profile and clinical outcome in critical patients with sepsis

Resumo Objetivo: descrever o perfil da temperatura corporal (TC) e o desfecho em pacientes com sepse atendidos em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e exploratório. Incluíram-se pacientes maiores de 18 anos, diagnosticados com sepse grave ou choque séptico no período de janeiro a dezembro 2012, atendidos em uma UTI de um hospital púbico. Foram levantadas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e o desfecho. Para a avaliação da TC, consideraram-se todas as medidas registradas durante a internação, aferidas na região axilar por termômetro digital acoplado ao monitor multiparamétrico. Adicionalmente, propuseram-se cenários comparativos entre o número de episódios de febre ou hipotermia nas 24 horas após a internação e nas 24 horas prévias ao desfecho. Os dados foram coletados nos prontuários físicos e eletrônicos. Resultados: foram incluídos 105 pacientes, com predominância de maiores de 60 anos, sexo masculino e cor branca. O desfecho clínico para 26 (24,8 %) foi a alta e para 79 (75,2 %), o óbito. Foram observadas 8778 verificações da TC, sendo a hipotermia mais frequente no grupo óbito (p = 0,00). No grupo alta, as medidas dentro da normalidade foram mais frequentes (p = 0,00). Entre os cenários propostos, houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos quando ocorreram dois ou mais episódios de febre nas 24 horas prévias ao desfecho. Conclusão: a descrição do perfil de termorregulação em pacientes sépticos mostrou que a TC é um indicador complementar capaz de auxiliar a equipe na prática clínica com intuito de propiciar melhores desfechos.

Resumen Objetivo: describir el perfil de la temperatura corporal (TC) y el desenlace en pacientes con sepsis asistidos en una unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI). Método: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y exploratorio. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, diagnosticados con sepsis grave o shock séptico en el periodo de enero a diciembre de 2012, asistidos en una uci de un hospital púbico. Se construyeron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de desenlace. Para la evaluación de la TC se consideraron todas las medidas registradas durante la hospitalización, tomadas en la región axilar con termómetro digital acoplado al monitor multiparamétrico. Adicionalmente, se propusieron escenarios comparativos entre el número de episodios de fiebre o hipotermia en las 24 horas después del ingreso y el número de estos las 24 horas previas al desenlace. Los datos fueron recolectados de registros médicos físicos y electrónicos. Resultados: se incluyeron 105 pacientes, con predominio de mayores de 60 años, sexo masculino y color blanco. El resultado clínico para 26 pacientes (24,8 %) fue el alta y para 79 (75,2 %) la muerte. Se observaron 8778 verificaciones de TC, siendo la hipotermia más frecuente en el grupo de muerte (p = 0,00). En el grupo de alta, las medidas dentro de la normalidad fueron más frecuentes (p = 0,00). Entre los escenarios propuestos hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos cuando ocurrieron dos o más episodios de fiebre en las 24 horas anteriores al desenlace. Conclusión: la descripción del perfil de termorregulación en pacientes sépticos mostró que la TC es un indicador complementario capaz de auxiliar al equipo en la práctica clínica con el objetivo de propiciar mejores resultados.

Abstract Objective: to describe the body temperature profile (TC) and the outcome in patients with sepsis assisted in an intensive care unit (UCI). Method: retrospective, descriptive and exploratory study. Patients over the age of 18 were included, diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock in the period from January to December 2012, assisted in an UCI of a public hospital. Sociodemographic, clinical and outcome variables were built. For the evaluation of the TC, all measures recorded during hospitalization were considered, taken in the axillary region by digital thermometer coupled to the multiparametric monitor. In addition, comparative scenarios were proposed between the number of episodes of fever or hypothermia in the 24 hours after internment and the number of these 24 hours prior to the outcome. The data were collected from physical and electronic medical records. Results: 105 patients were included, predominantly over 60 years old, male and white. Clinical outcome for 26 patients (24.8 %) was to be discharged, and for 79 (75.2 %) it was death. 8778 TC verifications were observed, being hypothermia the most frequent in the death group (p = 0.00). In the discharge group, measurements within normality were more frequent (p = 0.00). Among the proposed scenarios, there was statistically significant difference between the groups when two or more episodes of fever occurred in the 24 hours prior to the outcome. Conclusion: the description of the thermoregulation profile in septic patients showed that the TC is a complementary indicator capable of assisting the team in the clinical practice in order to promote better results.

Polymorphisms in TLR4 and TNFA and Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Development of Active Disease in Contacts of Tuberculosis Cases in Brazil: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The role of genetic polymorphisms in latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and progression to active TB is not fully understood. METHODS: We tested the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs5743708 (TLR2), rs4986791 (TLR4), rs361525 (TNFA), rs2430561 (IFNG) rs1143627 (IL1B) as risk factors for tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion or development of active TB in contacts of active TB cases. Contacts of microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases were initially screened for longitudinal evaluation up to 24 months, with clinical examination and serial TST, between 1998 and 2004 at a referral center in Brazil. Data and biospecimens were collected from 526 individuals who were contacts of 177 active TB index cases. TST conversion was defined as induration ≥5 mm after a negative TST result (0 mm) at baseline or month 4 visit. Independent associations were tested using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among the 526 contacts, 60 had TST conversion and 44 developed active TB during follow-up. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-4.6), as well as SNPs in TLR4 genes (OR: 62.8, 95% CI: 7.5-525.3) and TNFA (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9-9.5) were independently associated with TST conversion. Moreover, a positive TST at baseline (OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 2.3-9.7) and SNPs in TLR4 (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 1.1-36.7) and TNFA (OR: 12.4, 95% CI:5.1-30.1) were independently associated with incident TB. CONCLUSIONS: SNPs in TLR4 and TNFA predicted both TST conversion and active TB among contacts of TB cases in Brazil.

Quality and management of care to tuberculosis/HIv coinfection in the State of São Paulo, Brazil / Calidad y gestión en la atención de la coinfección tuberculosis y VIH en el Estado de São Paulo / Qualidade e gestão da atenção à coinfecção tuberculose e HIV no Estado de São Paulo

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the quality and management of care to tuberculosis/HIV coinfection in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: a descriptive study involving municipalities having at least five cases of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection in the Brazilian state of São Paulo notified in the tuberculosis notification system. To analyze the quality and management of care to tuberculosis/HIV coinfection, indicators were designed, based on tuberculosis evaluability assessment studies, and validated in Brazil. The municipalities were grouped according to their care quality and then submitted to multiple correspondence analysis. Results: the study formed a group with 18 municipalities (42.86%) with satisfactory care and management quality, and another group with 24 municipalities (57.14%) with a quality characterized as unsatisfactory. In the municipalities that showed a satisfactory result, the investigation identified a low proportion of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection, a low AIDS incidence rate, intermediate population size, and high coverage of the Community Health Workers' Program and Family Health Strategy. The municipalities with unsatisfactory quality had a high proportion of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection and a high AIDS incidence rate. Conclusion: the study reveals the defining characteristics of quality and management of care to tuberculosis/HIV coinfection as chronic conditions, bringing relevant elements regarding the mobilization of resources and investments in the municipalities where these are necessary. Additionally, the investigation shows that health results are critical where care quality is unsatisfactory, pointing out the need for reorganizing care and the management of actions involving control of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection in these contexts.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la calidad y gestión en la atención de la coinfección tuberculosis y VIH en el estado de São Paulo. Método: estudio descriptivo, realizado en municipios donde residen al menos cinco casos de coinfección de tuberculosis y VIH en el estado de São Paulo, informados al sistema de notificaciones de tuberculosis. Para analizar la calidad de atención y gestión de la coinfección tuberculosis/VIH fueron elaborados indicadores basados en estudios evaluativos en tuberculosis validados en Brasil. Los municipios fueron agrupados según su calidad de atención, sometiéndoselos luego a análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Resultados: el estudio conformó un grupo con 18 municipios (42,86%) de calidad de atención y gestión satisfactorias, y otro con 24 (57,14%) municipios caracterizados como no satisfactorios. En los municipios con resultados satisfactorios se identificó baja proporción de coinfección tuberculosis y VIH, baja tasa de incidencia de SIDA, cantidad poblacional mediana, elevada cobertura de Agentes Comunitarios de Salud y Estrategia Salud de la Familia. En los municipios no satisfactorios se observó alta proporción de coinfección tuberculosis e VIH y tasa de incidencia de SIDA. Conclusión: el estudio evidencia las características que definen la calidad de atención y gestión de la coinfección tuberculosis y VIH como condiciones crónicas, destacando elementos relevantes respecto de movilización de recursos e inversión en los municipios donde eso resulta necesario. Además, muestra que los resultados sanitarios son críticos donde no hay calidad de atención satisfactoria, expresando necesidad de reorganización de la atención y gestión de las acciones que involucran al control de la coinfección tuberculosis y VIH en tales contextos.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a qualidade e gestão da atenção à coinfecção tuberculose e HIV no estado de São Paulo. Método: estudo descritivo, realizado com municípios de residência de pelo menos cinco casos de coinfecção tuberculose e HIV no estado de São Paulo, notificados no sistema de notificações de tuberculose. Para análise da qualidade da atenção e gerenciamento da coinfecção tuberculose e HIV foram construídos indicadores, com base em estudos de avaliabilidade em tuberculose, validados no Brasil. Os municípios foram agrupados conforme sua qualidade da atenção e depois foram submetidos à análise de correspondência múltipla. Resultados: no estudo, formou-se um grupo com 18 municípios (42,86%) com satisfatória qualidade da atenção e gerenciamento, e outro grupo com 24 (57,14%) municípios caracterizados como não satisfatório. Nos municípios com resultado satisfatório, identificou-se baixa proporção de coinfecção tuberculose e HIV, baixa taxa de incidência de aids, porte populacional médio, elevada cobertura de Programas de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e Estratégia Saúde da Família. Para os demais municípios com qualidade não satisfatória, observou-se alta proporção de coinfecção tuberculose /HIV e taxa de incidência de aids. Conclusão: o estudo evidencia as características definidoras da qualidade da atenção e gerenciamento da coinfecção tuberculose e HIV enquanto condições crônicas, trazendo elementos relevantes no que tange à mobilização de recursos e investimentos nos municípios onde isso se faz necessário. Além disso, mostra que os resultados sanitários são críticos onde não há satisfatória qualidade da atenção, mostrando a necessidade de reorganização da assistência e do gerenciamento das ações que envolvem o controle da coinfecção tuberculose e HIV nesses contextos.

Towards a Clinical Trial Protocol to Evaluate Health Information Systems: Evaluation of a Computerized System for Monitoring Tuberculosis from a Patient Perspective in Brazil.

Assessment of health information systems consider different aspects of the system itself. They focus or on the professional who will use the software or on its usability or on the software engineering metrics or on financial and managerial issues. The existent approaches are very resources consuming, disconnected, and not standardized. As the software becomes more critical in the health organizations and in patients, becoming used as a medical device or a medicine, there is an urgency to identify tools and methods that can be applied in the development process. The present work is one of the steps of a broader study to identify standardized protocols to evaluate the health information systems as medicines and medical devices are evaluated by clinical trials. The goal of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the introduction of an information system for monitoring tuberculosis treatment (SISTB) in a Brazilian municipality from the patients' perspective. The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems were answered by the patients before and after the SISTB introduction, for comparison. Patients from an outpatient clinic, formed the control group, that is, at this site was not implanted the SISTB. Descriptive statistics and mixed effects model were used for data analysis. Eighty-eight interviews were conducted in the study. The questionnaire's results presented better averages after the system introduction but were not considered statistically significant. Therefore, it was not possible to associate system implantation with improved patient satisfaction. The HIS evaluation need be complete, the technical and managerial evaluation, the safety, the impact on the professionals and direct and/or indirect impact on patients are important. Developing the right tools and methods that can evaluate the software in its entirety, from the beginning of the development cycle with a normalized scale, are needed.

Sequential analysis as a tool for detection of amikacin ototoxicity in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate early detection of amikacin-induced ototoxicity in a population treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), by means of three different tests: pure-tone audiometry (PTA); high-frequency audiometry (HFA); and distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) testing. METHODS: This was a longitudinal prospective cohort study involving patients aged 18-69 years with a diagnosis of MDR-TB who had to receive amikacin for six months as part of their antituberculosis drug regimen for the first time. Hearing was assessed before treatment initiation and at two and six months after treatment initiation. Sequential statistics were used to analyze the results. RESULTS: We included 61 patients, but the final population consisted of 10 patients (7 men and 3 women) because of sequential analysis. Comparison of the test results obtained at two and six months after treatment initiation with those obtained at baseline revealed that HFA at two months and PTA at six months detected hearing threshold shifts consistent with ototoxicity. However, DPOAE testing did not detect such shifts. CONCLUSIONS: The statistical method used in this study makes it possible to conclude that, over the six-month period, amikacin-associated hearing threshold shifts were detected by HFA and PTA, and that DPOAE testing was not efficient in detecting such shifts.

Sequential analysis as a tool for detection of amikacin ototoxicity in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis / Análise sequencial como ferramenta na detecção da ototoxicidade da amicacina no tratamento da tuberculose multirresistente

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate early detection of amikacin-induced ototoxicity in a population treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), by means of three different tests: pure-tone audiometry (PTA); high-frequency audiometry (HFA); and distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) testing. Methods: This was a longitudinal prospective cohort study involving patients aged 18-69 years with a diagnosis of MDR-TB who had to receive amikacin for six months as part of their antituberculosis drug regimen for the first time. Hearing was assessed before treatment initiation and at two and six months after treatment initiation. Sequential statistics were used to analyze the results. Results: We included 61 patients, but the final population consisted of 10 patients (7 men and 3 women) because of sequential analysis. Comparison of the test results obtained at two and six months after treatment initiation with those obtained at baseline revealed that HFA at two months and PTA at six months detected hearing threshold shifts consistent with ototoxicity. However, DPOAE testing did not detect such shifts. Conclusions: The statistical method used in this study makes it possible to conclude that, over the six-month period, amikacin-associated hearing threshold shifts were detected by HFA and PTA, and that DPOAE testing was not efficient in detecting such shifts.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a detecção precoce de ototoxicidade causada pelo uso de amicacina numa população tratada para tuberculose multirresistente (TBMR) por meio da realização de três testes distintos: audiometria tonal liminar (ATL), audiometria de altas frequências (AAF) e pesquisa de emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção (EOAPD). Métodos: Estudo longitudinal de coorte prospectiva incluindo pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 69 anos, com diagnóstico de TBMR pulmonar e que necessitaram utilizar amicacina por seis meses em seu esquema medicamentoso antituberculose pela primeira vez. A avaliação auditiva foi realizada antes do início do tratamento e depois de dois e seis meses do início do tratamento. A análise dos resultados foi realizada por meio de análise estatística sequencial. Resultados: Foram incluídos 61 pacientes, mas a população final foi constituída de 10 pacientes (7 homens e 3 mulheres), em razão da análise sequencial. Ao se comparar os valores das respostas dos testes com aqueles encontrados na avaliação basal, foram verificadas mudanças nos limiares auditivos compatíveis com ototoxicidade após dois meses de tratamento através da AAF e após seis meses de tratamento através da ATL. Entretanto, essas mudanças não foram verificadas através da pesquisa de EOAPD. Conclusões: Ao se considerar o método estatístico utilizado nessa população, é possível concluir que mudanças nos limiares auditivos foram associadas ao uso da amicacina no período de seis meses por meio de AAF e ATL e que a pesquisa de EOAPD não se mostrou eficiente na identificação dessas mudanças.

Tuberculosis: renewed challenge in Brazil.

This article reviews tuberculosis control actions performed over the last decade, at a global level. The perspectives for the fulfillment of the goals of the new Global Tuberculosis Elimination Plan are described, where the insertion of social protection (Pillar 2) and research (Pillar 3) will play an innovative and strategic role, especially in high-burden countries, like Brazil.

Tuberculosis: renewed challenge in Brazil

Abstract This article reviews tuberculosis control actions performed over the last decade, at a global level. The perspectives for the fulfillment of the goals of the new Global Tuberculosis Elimination Plan are described, where the insertion of social protection (Pillar 2) and research (Pillar 3) will play an innovative and strategic role, especially in high-burden countries, like Brazil.

Assessment of Primary Health Care in the Treatment of Tuberculosis in a Brazilian Locality of the International Triple Frontier.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of Primary Health Care (PHC) in treatment of TB patients in a triple international border municipality. METHODS: The present study was an evaluative survey of cross-sectional and quantitative approach conducted with 225 PHC healthcare professionals. Data was collected through a structured and validated instrument, which provided five indicators of "structure" and four indicators of "process" classified as unsatisfactory, regular or satisfactory. RESULTS: The "structure" component was unsatisfactory for the indicator of professionals involved in TB care and training, and regular for the indicator of connection between the units and other levels of care. The "process" component was regular for the indicators of TB information, directly observed treatment and reference and counter reference on TB, and unsatisfactory for external actions on TB control. CONCLUSION: The "structure" and "process" components points out some weaknesses in terms of management and organization of human resources. Low frequency of training and the turnover influenced the involvement of professionals. Elements of "structure" and "process" show the need for investing in the PHC team and improving the clinical management of cases.

The importance of audiometric monitoring in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION: A total of 771 cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) were reported in Brazil in 2014. Treatment of MDR-TB with aminoglycosides can produce serious side effects such as permanent and irreversible hearing loss, which occurs in 5-64% of cases, and severely compromise patient quality of life. The goal of this research was to evaluate auditory and vestibular side effects in patients treated for MDR-TB and to identify associations between these complaints and the type of aminoglycoside used. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 599 medical records from patients with MDR-TB who were treated at the Hélio Fraga/Fiocruz Reference Center between 2006 and 2010. Cases without auditory or vestibular complaints and patients who were not treated with aminoglycoside drugs were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of 164 eligible cases, 55 (33.5%) reported an auditory or vestibular complaint and medication was subsequently suspended, although hearing damage was not confirmed in all cases. Audiometric testing confirmed hearing loss in 11 (21.7%) of 12 cases submitted for evaluation. Hearing loss related to ototoxicity was confirmed in 15 (62.5%) cases. Tinnitus was significantly associated with the use of amikacin and streptomycin. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluations of ototoxicity symptoms were not usually reported in the routine care of patients with MDR-TB. Complaints of tinnitus were associated with amikacin and streptomycin use. These results require confirmation in future studies.